The chemical composition of petroleum is largely speculative due to the difficulty of a complete identification caused by the enormous number of components. It is a mixture of about 10 different types of fairly simple hydrocarbons, depending on its source. Oct 08, 2016 physical and chemical properties of petroleum 1. Considering the blends between petroleum based products and vegetable waxes, we are also defining tests and specifications for these new hybrid products. Both the physical nature and chemical composition of petroleum are determined initially by the type of organic matter in the source rock where the petroleum is generated. Composition of petroleum advances in chemistry acs. Petroleum fuels consist primarily of nparaffins, isoparaffins paraffin alkane saturated hydrocarbon chain. Lesson objectives upon completion of this module, students will be able to.
Chemical composition of petroleum free download as powerpoint presentation. This comprehensive volume follows up and expands on an earlier national academy o. Used mineralbased crankcase oil is a complex mixture of low and high c. Most motor oils are made from a heavier, thicker petroleum. In this work, a quick and convenient method was developed to build a clear relationship between boiling points and structures of organic. Given that vegetable waxes have a different chemical composition to the petroleum ones, we identified characterization testing and differential specifications for these products. This then will allow definition of acceptable composition for a given performance which in turn is instructive to the. Complete sets of such data, however, are not available in the literature due to the complexity and expense of making the measurements. This paper presents a survey of our present knowledge of the composition of petroleum.
The most prolific hydrocarbons found in the chemistry of petroleum are alkanes, these are also sometimes knows as branched or linear hydrocarbons. A number of factors determine the quality of petroleum coke, such as. This chapter discusses the generation in the source rock, migration to the reservoir, and remobilization of petroleum to a new reservoir. By using pentane, asphaltenes precipitate along with polar aromatics. Petroleum jelly or petrolatum was discovered as a paraffinlike material coating oil rigs. Petroleum or crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other chemicals. The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements vary over fairly narrow limits as follows. Specifications, sampling, measurement, accuracy, precision, method validation, chemical composition, elemental composition, chemical composition.
Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 3 3. The composition varies widely depending on where and how the petroleum was formed. Petroleum crude oil composition by weight element percent range carbon 83 to 87% hydrogen 10 to 14% nitrogen 0. Since then, it has been used in various ointments and as a lubricant.
The chemical composition of used mineralbased crankcase oil varies widely and depends on the original crude oil, the processes used during refining, the efficiency and type of engine the oil is lubricating, the gasoline combustion products, the additives added to the fuel and to the original oil. Here is a look at what petroleum jelly is and its chemical composition. These forms would not be expected to become airborne, except as components of particulate matter. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site.
Hence, to understand the fundamentals of petroleum refining, one must begin with crude oil. Conclusions the physical and chemical properties of some petroleum cokes produced in several different refineries have been examined. Motor oils are derived from petroleumbased and nonpetroleumsynthesized chemical compounds. Multicomponent composition and corresponding physical properties data of crude oils and petroleum products are needed as input to environmental fate simulations. The elemental composition of petroleum is much less variable than that of coal. Chemical composition of petroleum petroleum hydrocarbons. The regularities of sludge layers distribution in the storage ponds have been established.
Maltenes and asphaltenes of petroleum vacuum residues. The objective of the composition studies is to develop correlations between the chemical and physical properties. Introduction to petroleum refining and crude oil composition. A refinerys processing flow scheme is largely determined by the composition of the crude oil feedstock and the chosen slate of petroleum products. Introduction a great amount of petroleum sludge is formed. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. It is a complex mixture of thousands of different organic compounds mutually dissolved or dispersed. The exact chemical composition and structure of crude oil depends on which critters originally went into it, how long it baked underground, and at what. Chapter 2 origin, composition and properties of petroleum. Crude oils are complex mixtures of a vast number of individual chemical compounds. Max nestler, chemist forest products laboratory, 1 forest service u. Psulphur, oxygen, carbondioxide, nitrogen and trace metals.
Petroleum sludge composition and physico chemical characteristic and thermal stability of its organic matter have been investigated. A latin word petra means rock and oleum means oil therefore rock oil hydrocarbons hydrocarbon generaly another term used with word petroleum for. Physical and chemical properties of crude oils and their. What is the chemical composition of petroleum and natural gas. Emissions from fuel oil combustion depend on the grade and composition of the fuel, the type and size of the boiler, the firing and loading practices used, and the level of equipment maintenance.
Flash point and chemical composition of aviation kerosene. This paper provides strategies and solutions for obtaining quantitative analysis of a heavy petroleum fraction. Chemical parameters using saturate hydrocarbons and aromatics are usually not suitable for determining organic type and thermal maturity of. Petroleum refining and petrochemical processes fkit. There may be, however, considerable changes in composition during migration t o the reservoir and as a result of maturation and alteration processes operating in the reservoir. Both the physical nature and chemical composition of petroleum are determined initially by the type of organic matter in the source rock where the petroleum is. Maltenes and asphaltenes of petroleum vacuum residues 95 fainberg et al. Analytical methods and techniques applied to crude oil and petroleum products james g. In the years that followed, the shale boom yielded a huge increase in domestic energy production, which came with new environmental challenges, opportunities, and uncertainties.
Kerosene or paraffin oil is a colorless, oily, highly flammable liquid with a strong odour, distilled from petroleum 1025 % of total volume. Studies on the chemical composition of artemisia campestris and hibiscus cannabinus kenaf have been performed. The chemical composition depends on its source, but it usually consists of about 10 different hydrocarbons, each containing 10 to 16 carbon atoms per molecule. Chemical composition of natural gas natural gas is a naturally occurring gas mixture, consisting mainly of methane. Highresolution mass spectrometry enables molecular characterization of heavy petroleum fractions for petroleomics research. Quantitative molecular composition of heavy petroleum. Chemical composition of petroleum petroleum oil refinery. Identify the characteristics of crude oil understand the difference between sweet and sour crude oil identify the adverse health effects of crude oil. Trace metals occur in petroleum coke, as metal chelates or porphyrins, or, intercalated in the coke structure and not chemically bonded api, 2007. Pdf characterization and properties of petroleum fractions. Feb 02, 2016 petroleum, or crude oil as it is now usually referred too when raw, contains several chemical compounds, the most prolific being the hydrocarbons themselves which give the petroleum composition its combustible nature.
We use the results of headspace gas chromatography carried out. The uses of petroleum as a source of raw material in manufacturing are central to the functioning of modern industry. Standard commercial jet fuel is essentially a highquality straightrun kerosene, and many military jet fuels are blends based on kerosene. Speight 2476 overland road, laramie, wy 820704808, usa keywords. Petroleum products are the basic materials used for the manufacture of synthetic fibers for clothing and in plastics, paints, fertilizers, insecticides, soaps, and synthetic rubber. The chemical composition of fuel oils varies greatly. The word petroleum originates from the latin petra rock and oleum oil. Included in the presentation is a brief discussion of the nonhydrocarbon constituents of petroleum, covering sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metallic constituents, together with more detailed information regarding the hydrocarbon constituents which comprise the bulk of crude petroleum. A significant percentage of the remaining chemical compound is the made up of aromatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes. Characteristics of crude oil the hydrocarbons in crude oil can generally be divided into four categories. Compounds that contain only elements of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons and constitute the largest group of organic compounds found in petroleum. Should petroleum be used as a fuel or as a resource of chemicals. Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules which defines its physical and chemical properties, like colour and. Mo content of calcined cokes studied varies less in the large of 53.
Other substances derived from crude oil and natural gas. Natural gas composition and specifications fsc 432. Chemical composition of petroleum petroleum is not a uniform material. The example refinery flow scheme presented in figure 5.
Vegetable and paraffinic waxes, the chemistry of candles. The composition of gasolines varies widely, depending on the crude oils used, the. The boiling point distribution of petroleum samples remarkably affects the refining process and economic evaluation. Consists of alkanes isoparaffincs, saturated cyclic alkanes naphthenics, alkylated aromatics. Typical composition of petroleum is as element %age carbon 8487 hydrogen 1115 nitrogen 0. A rigorous discussion of the origin of petroleum should encompass all of. Paraffins are the desired content in crude and what are used to make fuels.
Petroleum chemistry what is the chemistry of petroleum. Petroleum hydrocarbons are a complex mixture of over 1,000 compounds with different physical and chemical properties. It is most usually desulfurized and then catalytically reformed, which rearranges or restructures the hydrocarbon molecules in the naphtha as well as breaking some of the molecules into smaller molecules to produce a highoctane component of gasoline or petrol. While most of the gas supplied to union gas is from western canada, some gas is supplied from other sources, including the united states and. It is formed by the diagenesis of sedimentary organic matter transforming the. Mittal introduction petroleum is a form of bitumen composed principally of hydrocarbons and existing in the gaseous or liquid state in its natural reservoir. The petroleum refining industry employs a wide variety of processes. Analytical methods and techniques applied to crude oil and. Pdf crudeoil hydrocarbon composition characteristics and oil. We report the results of liquid characterization by two different laboratories.
The fluid catalytic cracking fcc slurry decant oil and its fractions were characterized. Crude oil at a glance refineries exist to convert crude oil into finished petroleum products. Petroleum naphtha is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil with casno 64742489. The most important substances present are hydrocarbons, which are compounds containing. Petroleum chemistry is made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons. Note that most crude oils contain substantially more hydrogen than coals. Petroleum and the environment to give the general public, educators, and policy makers a better under standing of environmental concerns related to petroleum resources. The hydrocarbons in crude oil can generally be divided into four categories. Jarullah physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products 1 density, specific gravity, and api gravity density is defined as mass per unit volume of a fluid. Because the combustion characteristics of distillate and residual oils are different, their combustion can produce significantly different emissions. Each source facies generates oil with distinct chemical composition that. Petroleum s worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the worlds most important commodities. The chemical composition of petroleum coke is determined by the composition of the feedstocks used.
Murali krishnan iit madras asphalt history and structure sept. Characterization and properties of petroleum fractions. However, results from mass spectrometry are usually not quantitative. Crude oils also contain a great variety of heteroatomic chemical constituents, comprising of crude oil. Various polyaromatic compounds have also been measured in petroleum coke samples api, 2007. The chemical makeup of vapors emitted from petroleum fuels is predictable based on the composition of the fuels and the theoretical partitioning of chemicals released to soil and groundwater usepa 2002c. Chemical composition of the light petroleum extract of. However, raw petroleum or crude oil has characteristic properties and composition. Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products. Petroleum petroleum is a mixture of several different hydrocarbons.
This comprehensive volume follows up and expands on an earlier. The main forms of petroleum are natural gas, condensate, and crude oil, the liquid part. In fact, chemical analysis can be used to fingerprint the source of petroleum. A latin word petra means rock and oleum means oil therefore rock oil hydrocarbons hydrocarbon generaly another term used with word petroleum for any of its forms. Chemical and physical properties of refined petroleum products. Detailed chemical composition of straightrun vacuum gas. The chemical composition of petroleum samples also varies with the boiling range, which is even more important for the processing procedure. For a hydrocarbon with a given molecular formula c x h y, the number of possible isomers increases dramatically as the molecule. The chemical composition is set by manufacturing processes to satisfy a range of performance, physical and toxicological properties obtained from crude oil complex substances of hydrocarbon components. Propane precipitates along with asphaltenes a mixture of polar aromatics and. The shorter the paraffins are, the lighter the crude is.
Knowledge of structure parameters also contributes to the characterization and utilization of petroleum coke2. Further, the composition studies are to define a set of practical analytical methods to describe composition. Properties of petroleum the elemental composition of petroleum is much less variable than that of coal. Oxygen occurs in different forms in oxygenbearing resinous substances. The composition remains basically the same c, h, and o, with small amounts of s and n, but the heat allows more and more chemical bonds to form between the atoms.
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